In summer 1994, more than a million Hutus fled Rwanda to neighbouring Zaire. Among them were many armed perpetrators of the genocide; from their refugee camps, they launched attacks on Rwanda, and on ethnic Tutsis living in eastern Zaire. The Rwandan government could not tolerate this. Zaire, meanwhile, was crumbling, after decades of corrupt dictatorship under Mobutu Sese Seko, and domestic rebel groups sought to overthrow him – notably the AFDL, led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Rwanda sent its forces to fight alongside the rebels in October 1996, sparking the First Congo War. Uganda and Angola also joined on the AFDL side, and in May 1997 Kabila seized power, renaming Zaire the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
In 1998, however, Kabila turned against his Rwandan allies. When Tutsis in eastern DRC…